From StarTalk.

The interview discusses the scientific breakthrough of creating induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), which allows scientists to reprogram adult cells—such as skin cells—back into stem cells without using embryos. This advancement bypassed ethical concerns and enabled researchers to generate patient-specific neurons in the lab to study complex neurological disorders like autism. Over time, the field progressed from flat cell cultures to 3D brain-like structures called organoids, improving the accuracy of neurological research.

From ‘Groundbreaking Studies Recreate Human Brain Circuits in a Dish": https://youtu.be/HEBjpYCEiBo?si=Ci00h3sxRvhF0-V6

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