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How The US Destroyed Europe – Second Thought
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Citations and Further Reading:
SOURCES
The Marshall Plan, coal, and oil
https://books.google.com/books?id=tWrnDwAAQBAJ&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&printsec=frontcover
https://znetwork.org/wp-content/uploads/zbooks/htdocs/chomsky/dd/dd-c01-s14.html#FN68
https://www.jstor.org/stable/3114553
Speech
“In 1947, over 90% of the energy produced in Western Europe came from coal. Oil was nothing, less than 10% of the total energy bill. Until 1960, when that number was already up to over 30%”
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14682740902871851
French communist party decline
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_1946_French_legislative_election
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1958_French_legislative_election
“In the 1940s, these guys were worried. About two thirds of world oil production was controlled solely by American corporations” | “in 1947, oil prices just about doubled” | “Big oil companies were scared because as all of this is spiraling down, they had no alternative to save themselves. They couldn’t offset these trends by importing oil back home due to domestic laws they had set up in the 30s to limit supply and keep their prices up.”
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14682740902871851
“1947, communists not only made massive gains in European parliaments like in France and Italy but also organized some of these countries’ largest strikes. In France, for example, 3 million workers organized by a communist union took to the streets after inflation went up about 60% and food rations were down to *less than half a pound of bread per day.”
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1947_strikes_in_France https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1947/12/france/643906/
The “indispensable Communist scare” and the ECSC
https://books.google.com/books?id=tWrnDwAAQBAJ&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&printsec=frontcover p.29
Training European workers in “the American Way”
https://books.google.com/books?id=T_x_2OAyNNYC&printsec=frontcover p.133
“the only answer to Britain’s difficulties is to work harder and, I fear, for less.”
https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1948v03/d682#:~:text=the%20only%20answer%20to%20Britain%E2%80%99s%20difficulties%20is%20to%20work%20harder%20and%2C%20I%20fear%2C%20for%20less
“American output was higher not because of any unique American management techniques but because the US just had more fuel per worker”
https://books.google.com/books?id=tWrnDwAAQBAJ&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&printsec=frontcover p. 29
“Out of the $13 billion dollars that were part of the Marshall Plan, $1.2 billion was earmarked exclusively for the European purchase of American oil.”
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14682740902871851
“European countries were only given $24 million to start their own refineries.”
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14682740902871851
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